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Some of the implementation choices permitted by the IEEE 754 standard and used in the VFPv3 architecture are described in the ARM Architecture Reference Manual.
All single-precision and double-precision values with the maximum exponent field value and a nonzero fraction field are valid NaNs. A most significant fraction bit of zero indicates a Signaling NaN (SNaN). A one indicates a Quiet NaN (QNaN). Two NaN values are treated as different NaNs if they differ in any bit. Table 11.9 shows the default NaN values in both single-precision and double-precision.
Table 11.9. Default NaN values
| Single-precision | Double-precision | |
|---|---|---|
| Sign | 0 | 0 |
| Exponent | 0xFF | 0x7FF |
| Fraction | bit [22] = 1, bits [21:0] are all zeros | bit [51] = 1, bits [50:0] are all zeros |
Processing of input NaNs for ARM floating-point functionality and libraries is defined as follows:
In
full-compliance mode, NaNs are handled as described in the ARM
Architecture Reference Manual. The hardware processes
the NaNs directly for arithmetic CDP instructions.
For data transfer operations, NaNs are transferred without raising
the Invalid Operation exception. For the non-arithmetic CDP instructions, VABS, VNEG,
and VMOV, NaNs are copied, with a change of sign
if specified in the instructions, without causing the Invalid Operation
exception.
In default NaN mode, arithmetic CDP instructions
involving NaN operands return the default NaN regardless of the
fractions of any NaN operands. SNaNs in an arithmetic CDP operation
set the IOC flag, FPSCR[0]. NaN handling by data transfer and non-arithmetic CDP instructions
is the same as in full-compliance mode.
Table 11.10 summarizes the effects of NaN operands on instruction execution.
Table 11.10. QNaN and SNaN handling
| Instruction type | Default NaN mode | With QNaN operand | With SNaN operand |
|---|---|---|---|
Arithmetic CDP | Off | The QNaN or one of the QNaN operands, if there is more than one, is returned according to the rules given in the ARM Architecture Reference Manual. | IOC[a] set. The SNaN is quieted and the result NaN is determined by the rules given in the ARM Architecture Reference Manual. |
| On | Default NaN returns. | IOCa set. Default NaN returns. | |
| Non-arithmetic CDP | Off | NaN passes to destination with sign changed as appropriate. | |
| On | |||
VFCMP | - | Unordered compare. | IOC set. Unordered compare. |
VFCMPE | - | IOC set. Unordered compare. | IOC set. Unordered compare. |
| Load/store | Off | All NaNs transferred. | |
| On | |||
[a] IOC is the Invalid Operation exception flag, FPSCR[0]. | |||
Comparison results modify the flags in the FPSCR Register.
You can use the VMRS APSR_nzcv, FPSCR instruction
(formerly FMSTAT) to transfer the current flags
from the FPSCR Register to the CPSR Register. See the ARM
Architecture Reference Manual for mapping of IEEE 754
standard predicates to ARM conditions. The flags used are chosen
so that subsequent conditional execution of ARM instructions can
test the predicates defined in the IEEE 754 standard.
The Cortex-R5F FPU uses the before rounding form of tininess and the inexact result form of loss of accuracy as described in the IEEE 754 standard to generate Underflow exceptions.
In flush-to-zero mode, results that are tiny before rounding, as described in the IEEE 754 standard, are flushed to a zero, and the UFC flag, FPSCR[3], is set. See the ARM Architecture Reference Manual for information on flush-to-zero mode.
When the FPU is not in flush-to-zero mode, operations are performed on subnormal operands. If the operation does not produce a tiny result, it returns the computed result, and the UFC flag, FPSCR[3], is not set. The IXC flag, FPSCR[4], is set if the operation is inexact. If the operation produces a tiny result, the result is a subnormal or zero value, and the UFC flag, FPSCR[3], is set if the result was also inexact.
| Copyright © 2010-2011 ARM. All rights reserved. | ARM DDI 0460D |
| Non-Confidential | ID092411 |
| PDF version | |
| Home > FPU Programmers Model > Compliance with the IEEE 754 standard > IEEE 754 standard implementation choices |